PAIN
Volume 108, Issue 1 , Pages 192-198 , March 2004

Graded motor imagery is effective for long-standing complex regional pain syndrome: a randomised controlled trial

  • G.L Moseley

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationTel.: +61-7-36362590; fax: +61-7-36362595

Received 10 October 2003 ,Revised 22 December 2003 ,Accepted 5 January 2004.

References 

  1. Altschuler E, Wisdom S, Stone L, Foster C, Glalasko D, Llewellyn D, et al. Rehabilitation of hemiparesis after stroke with a mirror. Lancet. 1999;353:2035–2036
  2. Baron R, Schattschneider J, Binder A, Seibrecht D, Wasner G. Relation between sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity and pain and hyperalgesia in complex regional pain syndromes: a case-control study. Lancet. 2002;359:1655–1660
  3. Birklein F, Riedl B, Neundorfer B, Handwerker HO. Sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflex pattern in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Pain. 1998;75:93–100
  4. Bruehl S, Harden RN, Galer BS, Saltz S, Bertram M, Backonja M, et al. External validation of IASP diagnostic criteria for complex regional pain syndrome and proposed research diagnostic criteria. Pain. 1999;81:147–154
  5. Coslett HB. Evidence for a disturbance of the body schema in neglect. Brain Cogn. 1998;37:527–544
  6. Decety J. Do imagined and executed actions share the same neural substrate?. Cognit Brain Res. 1996;3:87–93
  7. Decety J, Perani D, Jeannerod M, Bettinardi V, Tadary B, Wooeds R, et al. Mapping motor representations with positron emission topography. Nature. 1994;371:600–602
  8. Flor H, Elbert T, Knecht S, Wienbruch C, Pantev C, Birbaumer N, et al. Phantom-limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganization following arm amputation. Nature. 1995;375:482–484
  9. Flor H, Braun C, Elbert T, Birbaumer N. Extensive reorganization of primary somatosensory cortex in chronic back pain patients. Neurosci Lett. 1997;224:5–8
  10. Flor H, Denke C, Schaefer M, Grusser S. Effect of sensory discrimination training on cortical reorganisation and phantom limb pain. Lancet. 2001;357:1763–1764
  11. Forouzanfar T, Koke AJA, van Kleef M, Weber WEJ. Treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type I. Eur J Pain. 2002;6:105–122
  12. Forouzanfar T, Weber WEJ, Kemler M, van Kleef M. What is a meaningful pain reduction in patients with complex regional pain syndrome type 1?. Clin J Pain. 2003;19:281–285
  13. Galer BS, Jensen MP. Development and preliminary validation of a pain measure specific to neuropathic pain: the Neuropathic pain scale. Neurology. 1997;48:332–338
  14. Galer BS, Jensen M. Neglect-like symptoms in complex regional pain syndrome: results of a self-administered survey. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1999;18:213–217
  15. Gobelet C, Waldburger M, Meier JL. The effect of adding calcitonin to physical treatment on reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Pain. 1992;48:171–175
  16. Grusser SM, Winter C, Muhlnickel W, Denke C, Karl A, Villringer K, et al. The relationship of perceptual phenomena and cortical reorganization in upper extremity amputees. Neuroscience. 2001;102:263–272
  17. Janig W, Baron R. Complex regional pain syndrome is a disease of the central nervous system. Clinical Autonom Res. 2002;12:150–164
  18. Janig W, Baron R. Complex regional pain syndrome: mystery explained?. Lancet Neurol. 2003;2:687–697
  19. Jeannerod M. Mental-imagery in the motor context. Neuropsychologia. 1995;33:1419–1432
  20. Juottonen K, Gockel M, Silen T, Hurri H, Hari R, Forss N. Altered central sensorimotor processing in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Pain. 2002;98:315–323
  21. Koban M, Leis S, Schultze-Mosgau S, Birklein F. Tissue hypoxia in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain. 2003;104:149–157
  22. Kopp B, Kunkel A, Muhlnickel W, Villringer K, Taub E, Flor H. Plasticity in the motor system related to therapy-induced improvement of movement after stroke. Neuro Report. 1999;10:807–810
  23. Liepert J, Bauder H, Wolfgang HR, Miltner WH, Taub E, Weiller C. Treatment-induced cortical reorganization after stroke in humans. Stroke. 2000;31:1210–1216
  24. McCabe CS, Haigh RC, Ring EF, Halligan PW, Wall PD, Blake DR. A controlled pilot study of the utility of mirror visual feedback in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome (type 1). Rheumatology. 2003;42:97–101
  25. Melzack R. Phantom limbs and the concept of a neuromatrix. Trends Neurosci. 1990;13:88–92
  26. Montoya P, Lotze M, Grodd W, Larbig W, Erb M, Flor H, et al. Brain activation during executed and imagined movements using fMRI. J Psychophysiol. 1998;12:393
  27. Moseley GL. What hand is that? Moving the virtual body is just as hard as moving the painful body. Proceedings of the Biennial Conference of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy Australia, Sydney. 2003;
  28. Moseley GL, Schweinhardt P, Wise R, Tracey I. Virtual, imagined and mirror movements-a novel approach to complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS1). Proceedings of European Federation of IASP Chapters Triennial Conference, Prague, Czech Republic. 2003;
  29. Moseley GL. Imagined movements cause pain and swelling in a patient with complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology. 2004; in press
  30. di Pellegrino G, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G. Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study. Exp Brain Res. 1992;91:176–180
  31. Parsons LM. Integrating cognitive psychology, neurology and neuroimaging. Acta Psychol. 2001;107:155–181
  32. Ramachandran VS, Rogers Ramachandran D, Cobb S. Touching the phantom limb. Nature. 1995;377:489–490
  33. Riedl B, Beckmann T, Neundorfer B, Handwerker HO, Birklein F. Autonomic failure after stroke—is it indicative for pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome?. Acta Neurol Scand. 2001;103:27–34
  34. Rommel O, Gehling M, Dertwinkel R, Witscher K, Zenz M, Malin JP, et al. Hemisensory impairment in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Pain. 1999;80:95–101
  35. Rommel O, Malin JP, Zenz M, Janig W. Quantitative sensory testing, neurophysiological and psychological examination in patients with complex regional pain syndrome and hemisensory deficits. Pain. 2001;93:279–293
  36. Schouten AC, Van de Beek WJT, Van Hilten JJ, Van der Helm FCT. Proprioceptive reflexes in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Exp Brain Res. 2003;151:1–8
  37. Schwenkreis P, Janssen F, Rommel O, Pleger B, Volker B, Hosbach I, et al. Bilateral motor cortex disinhibition in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type I of the hand. Neurology. 2003;61:515–519
  38. Schwoebel J, Friedman R, Duda N, Coslett HB. Pain and the body schema: evidence for peripheral effects on mental representations of movement. Brain. 2001;124:2098–2104
  39. Seitz RJ, Hoflich P, Binkofski F, Tellmann L, Herzog H, Freund HJ. Role of the premotor cortex in recovery from middle cerebral artery infarction. Arch Neurol. 1998;55:1081–1088
  40. Stephan KM, Fink GR, Passingham RE, Silbersweig D, Ceballosbaumann AO, Frith CD, et al. Functional-anatomy of the mental representation of upper extremity movements in healthy-subjects. J Neurophysiol. 1995;73:373–386
  41. Taub E, Crago JE, Uswatte G. Constraint-induced movement therapy: a new approach to treatment in physical rehabilitation. Rehabil Psychol. 1998;43:152–170
  42. van de Vusse AC, Stomp-van den Berg SGM, de Vet HCW, Weber WEJ. Interobserver reliability of diagnosis in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Eur J Pain. 2003;7:259–265
  43. Weber M, Birklein F, Neundorfer B, Schmelz M. Facilitated neurogenic inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain. 2001;91:251–257
  44. Yue G, Cole K. Strength increases from the motor program: comparison of training with maximal voluntary and imagined muscle contractions. J Neurophysiol. 1992;67:114–1123
  45. Zuurmond WW, Langendijk PN, Bezemer PD, Brink HE, de Lange JJ, van loenen AC. Treatment of acute reflex sympathetic dystrophy with DMSO 50% in a fatty cream. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1996;40:364–367

PII: S0304-3959(04)00020-X

doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.01.006

PAIN
Volume 108, Issue 1 , Pages 192-198 , March 2004

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution