PAIN
Volume 139, Issue 1 , Pages 82-89 , 30 September 2008

Spinal cord stimulation normalizes abnormal cortical pain processing in patients with cardiac syndrome X

  • Alfonso Sestito

      Affiliations

    • Istituto di Cardiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
  • ,
  • Gaetano Antonio Lanza

      Affiliations

    • Istituto di Cardiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +39 06 3015 4187; fax: +39 06 3055 535.
  • ,
  • Domenica Le Pera

      Affiliations

    • Motor Rehabilitation, IRCSS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
  • ,
  • Liala De Armas

      Affiliations

    • Motor Rehabilitation, IRCSS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
  • ,
  • Gregory Angelo Sgueglia

      Affiliations

    • Istituto di Cardiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
  • ,
  • Fabio Infusino

      Affiliations

    • Istituto di Cardiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
  • ,
  • Roberto Miliucci

      Affiliations

    • Divisione di Neurologia, Ospedale Pediatrico “Bambino Gesù” – IRCCS, Rome, Italy
  • ,
  • Pietro Attilio Tonali

      Affiliations

    • Istituto di Neurologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
  • ,
  • Filippo Crea

      Affiliations

    • Istituto di Cardiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
  • ,
  • Massimiliano Valeriani

      Affiliations

    • Divisione di Neurologia, Ospedale Pediatrico “Bambino Gesù” – IRCCS, Rome, Italy

Received 1 June 2007 ,Revised 7 March 2008 ,Accepted 14 March 2008.

References 

  1. Arendt-Nielsen L, Bjerring P. Sensory and pain threshold characteristics to laser stimuli. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51:35–42
  2. Arendt-Nielsen L, Laursen RJ, Drewes AM. Referred pain as an indicator for neural plasticity. Prog Brain Res. 2000;129:343–356
  3. Bentley DE, Youell PD, Jones AK. Anatomical localization and intra-subject reproducibility of laser evoked potential source in cingulate cortex, using a realistic head model. Clin Neurophysiol. 2002;113:1351–1356
  4. Camici PG, Marraccini P, Lorenzoni R, Buzzigoli G, Pecori N, Perissinotto A, et al. Coronary hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism in patients with syndrome X: response to pacing stress. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;17:1461–1470
  5. Cannon RO, Watson RM, Rosing DR, Epstein SE. Angina caused by reduced vasodilator reserve of the small coronary arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1983;1:1359–1373
  6. Cannon RO, Quyyumi AA, Schenke WH, Fananapazir L, Tucker EE, Gaughan AM, et al. Abnormal cardiac sensitivity in patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990;16:1359–1366
  7. Chandler MJ, Brennan TJ, Garrison DW, Kim KS, Schwartz PJ, Foreman RD. A mechanism of cardiac pain suppression by spinal cord stimulation: implications for patients with angina pectoris. Eur Heart J. 1993;14:96–105
  8. Chauhan A, Mullins PA, Thuraisingham SI, Taylor G, Petch MC, Schofield PM. Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on coronary blood flow. Circulation. 1994;89:694–702
  9. Eliasson T, Albertsson P, Hardhammar P, Emanuelsson H, Augustinsson LE, Mannheimer C. Spinal cord stimulation in angina pectoris with normal coronary arteriograms. Coron Artery Dis. 1993;4:819–827
  10. Ellrich J, Treede RD. Characterization of blink reflex interneurons by activation of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls in man. Brain Res. 1998;803:161–168
  11. Fields HL. Sources of variability in the sensation of pain. Pain. 1988;33:195–200
  12. Foreman RD, Blair RW, Ammons WS. Neural mechanisms of cardiac pain. Prog Brain Res. 1986;67:227–243
  13. Foreman RD. Mechanisms of cardiac pain. Annu Rev Physiol. 1999;61:143–167
  14. Foreman RD, Linderoth B, Ardell JL, Barron KW, Chandler MJ, Hull SS, et al. Modulation of intrinsic cardiac neurons by spinal cord stimulation: implications for its therapeutic use in angina pectoris. Cardiovasc Res. 2000;47:367–375
  15. Frot M, Rambaud L, Guenot M, Mauguiere F. Intracortical recordings of early pain-related CO2-laser evoked potentials in the human second somatosensory (SII) area. Clin Neurophysiol. 1999;110:133–145
  16. Frot M, Mauguiere F. Dual representation of pain in the operculo-insular cortex in humans. Brain. 2003;126:438–450
  17. Garcia-Larrea L, Frot M, Valeriani M. Brain generators of laser-evoked potentials: from dipoles to functional significance. Neurophysiol Clin. 2003;33:279–292
  18. Goodin D, Desmedt JE, Maurer K, Nuwer MR. IFCN recommended standards for long-latency auditory event-related potentials. Report of an IFCN committee. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1994;91:18–20
  19. Janne P, Reynaert C, Cassiers L, Huber W, de Coster P, Marchandise B, et al. Psychological determinants of silent myocardial ischaemia. Eur Heart J. 1987;8:125–129
  20. Jasper HH. Report of the Committee on methods of clinical examination in electroencephalography. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1958;10:370–371
  21. Jessurun GA, Hautvast RW, Tio RA, DeJongste MJ. Electrical neuromodulation improves myocardial perfusion and ameliorates refractory angina pectoris in patients with syndrome X: fad or future?. Eur J Pain. 2003;7:507–512
  22. Kunde V, Treede RD. Topography of middle-latency somatosensory evoked potentials following painful laser stimuli and non-painful electrical stimuli. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1993;88:280–289
  23. Lagerqvist B, Sylvén C, Waldenström A. Lower threshold for adenosine-induced chest pain in patients with angina and normal coronary angiograms. Br Heart J. 1992;68:282–285
  24. Lanza GA, Crea F. The complex link between brain and heart in cardiac syndrome X. Heart. 2002;88:328–330
  25. Lanza GA, Sestito A, Sgueglia GA, Infusino F, Papacci F, Visocchi M, et al. Effect of spinal cord stimulation on spontaneous and stress-induced angina and ‘ischemia-like’ ST-segment depression in patients with cardiac syndrome X. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:983–989
  26. Lanza GA. Cardiac syndrome X: a critical overview and future perspectives. Heart. 2007;93:159–166
  27. Le Bars D, Dickenson AH, Besson JM. Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). I: Effects on dorsal horn convergent neurones in the rat. Pain. 1979;6:283–304
  28. Le Bars D, Dickenson AH, Besson JM. Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). II: Lack of effect on non-convergent neurones, supraspinal involvement and theoretical implications. Pain. 1979;6:305–327
  29. Lenz FA, Rios M, Chau D, Krauss GL, Zirh TA, Lesser RP. Painful stimuli evoke potentials recorded over the human anterior cingulate gyrus. J Neurophysiol. 1998;79:2231–2234
  30. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, Grassi G, Heagerty AM, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, Narkiewicz K, Ruilope L, Rynkiewicz A, Schmieder RE, Boudier HA, Zanchetti A, ESH-ESC Task Force on the Management of Arterial Hypertension. 2007 ESH-ESC Practice Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: ESH-ESC Task Force on the Management of Arterial Hypertension. J Hypertens 2007;25:1751–62.
  31. Maseri A. Ischemic heart disease. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1995;
  32. Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science. 1965;150:971–979
  33. Nihoyannopoulos P, Kaski JC, Crake T, Maseri A. Absence of myocardial dysfunction during stress in patients with syndrome X. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;18:1463–1470
  34. Ohara S, Crone NE, Weiss N, Lenz FA. Analysis of synchrony demonstrates ‘pain networks’ defined by rapidly switching, task-specific, functional connectivity between pain-related cortical structures. Pain. 2006;123:244–253
  35. Opherk D, Zebe H, Weihe E, Mall G, Durr C, Gravert B, et al. Reduced coronary dilatory capacity and ultrastructural changes of the myocardium in patients with angina pectoris but normal coronary arteriograms. Circulation. 1981;63:817–825
  36. Pasceri V, Lanza GA, Buffon A, Montenero AS, Crea F, Maseri A. Role of abnormal pain sensitivity and behavioral factors in determining chest pain in syndrome X. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:62–66
  37. Sgueglia GA, Sestito A, Spinelli A, Cioni B, Infusino F, Papacci F, et al. Long-term follow-up of cardiac syndrome X patients treated by spinal cord stimulation. Heart. 2007;93:591–597
  38. Shapiro LM, Crake T, Poole-Wilson PA. Is altered cardiac sensation responsible for chest pain in patients with normal coronary arteries? Clinical observations during cardiac catheterization. Br Med J. 1988;296:170–171
  39. TenVaarwerk IA, Jessurun GA, DeJongste MJ, Andersen C, Mannheimer C, Eliasson T, et al. Clinical outcome of patients treated with spinal cord stimulation for therapeutically refractory angina pectoris. The Working Group on Neurocardiology. Heart. 1999;82:82–88
  40. Treede RD, Lorenz J, Baumgartner U. Clinical usefulness of laser-evoked potentials. Neurophysiol Clin. 2003;33:303–314
  41. Valeriani M, Restuccia D, Barba C, Le Pera D, Tonali P, Mauguiere F. Sources of cortical responses to painful CO(2) laser skin stimulation of the hand and foot in the human brain. Clin Neurophysiol. 2000;111:1103–1112
  42. Valeriani M, de Tommaso M, Restuccia D, Le Pera D, Guido M, Iannetti GD, et al. Reduced habituation to experimental pain in migraine patients: a CO(2) laser evoked potential study. Pain. 2003;105:57–64
  43. Valeriani M, Sestito A, Le Pera D, De Armas L, Infusino F, Maiese T, et al. Abnormal cortical pain processing in patients with cardiac syndrome X. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:975–982
  44. Villanueva L, Cadden SW, Le Bars D. Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC): evidence for post-synaptic inhibition of trigeminal nucleus caudalis convergent neurones. Brain Res. 1984;321:165–168
  45. Weiss T, Kumpf K, Ehrhardt J, Gutberlet I, Miltner WH. A bioadaptive approach for experimental pain research in humans using laser-evoked brain potentials. Neurosci Lett. 1997;227:95–98

 No author has any conflict of interest to declare in relation to the present manuscript.

PII: S0304-3959(08)00144-9

doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2008.03.015

PAIN
Volume 139, Issue 1 , Pages 82-89 , 30 September 2008