PAIN
Volume 145, Issue 1 , Pages 60-68 , September 2009

A prospective comparison of post-surgical behavioral pain scales in preschoolers highlighting the risk of false evaluations

  • Sophie Bringuier

      Affiliations

    • Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Lapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, France
    • Epidemiology and Clinical Research Department, Arnaud de Villeneuve University Hospital, Montpellier, France
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Address: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Lapeyronie University Hospital, Avenue du doyen G Giraud, 34295 Montpellier, France. Tel.: +33 (0) 4 6733 8256; fax: +33 (0) 4 6733 7960.
    • ,
  • Marie-Christine Picot

      Affiliations

    • Epidemiology and Clinical Research Department, Arnaud de Villeneuve University Hospital, Montpellier, France
    • ,
  • Christophe Dadure

      Affiliations

    • Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Lapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, France
    • ,
  • Alain Rochette

      Affiliations

    • Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Lapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, France
    • ,
  • Olivier Raux

      Affiliations

    • Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Lapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, France
    • ,
  • Myriam Boulhais

      Affiliations

    • Developmental Psychology Department, Montpellier III University, Montpellier, France
    • ,
  • Xavier Capdevila

      Affiliations

    • Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Lapeyronie University Hospital, Montpellier, France
    • Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Montpellier I, Montpellier, France

Received 3 July 2008 ,Revised 10 April 2009 ,Accepted 11 May 2009.

References 

  1. Bieri D, Reeve RA, Champion GD, Addicoat L, Ziegler JB. The Faces Pain Scale for the self-assessment of the severity of pain experienced by children: development, initial validation, and preliminary investigation for ratio scale properties. Pain. 1990;41:139–150
  2. Breau LM, McGrath PJ, Craig KD, Santor D, Cassidy KL, Reid GJ. Facial expression of children receiving immunizations: a principal components analysis of the child facial coding system. Clin J Pain. 2001;17:178–186
  3. Bringuier S, Dadure C, Raux O, Dubois A, Picot MC, Capdevila X. Peri-operative validity of the visual analog anxiety scale in children: a discriminant and useful instrument in routine clinical practice to optimize postoperative pain management. Anesth Analg 2009, in press.
  4. Broadman L, Rice L, Hannallah RS. Testing the validity of an objective pain scale for infants and children. Anesthesiology. 1988;69:A770
  5. Buttner W, Finke W. Analysis of behavioural and physiological parameters for the assessment of postoperative analgesic demand in newborns, infants and young children: a comprehensive report on seven consecutive studies. Paediatr Anaesth. 2000;10:303–318
  6. Craig KD, Patrick CJ. Facial expression during induced pain. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1985;48:1080–1091
  7. Crandall M, Lammers C, Senders C, Savedra M, Braun JV. Initial validation of a numeric zero to ten scale to measure children’s state anxiety. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:1250–1253
  8. Deyo KS, Prkachin KM, Mercer SR. Development of sensitivity to facial expression of pain. Pain. 2004;107:16–21
  9. Ekman P, Friesen WV. Manual for the Facial Action Coding System Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA; 1978.
  10. Fermanian J. Validation of assessment scales in physical medicine and rehabilitation: how are psychometric properties determined?. Ann Readapt Med Phys. 2005;48:281–287
  11. Gilbert CA, Lilley CM, Craig KD, McGrath PJ, Court CA, Bennett SM, et al. Postoperative pain expression in preschool children: validation of the child facial coding system. Clin J Pain. 1999;15:192–200
  12. Grunau RV, Craig KD. Pain expression in neonates: facial action and cry. Pain. 1987;28:395–410
  13. Grunau RV, Johnston CC, Craig KD. Neonatal facial and cry responses to invasive and non-invasive procedures. Pain. 1990;42:295–305
  14. Hadjistavropoulos HD, Craig KD, Grunau RV, Johnston CC. Judging pain in newborns: facial and cry determinants. J Pediatr Psychol. 1994;19:485–491
  15. Hesselgard K, Larsson S, Romner B, Strömblad L, Reinstrup P. Validity and reliability of the Behavioural Observational Pain Scale for postoperative pain measurement in children 1–7 years of age. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2007;8:102–108
  16. Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B. The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain. 2001;93:173–183
  17. Jensen MP. Questionnaire validation: a brief guide for readers of the research literature. Clin J Pain. 2003;19:345–352
  18. Kain ZN, Mayes LC, Cicchetti DV, Bagnall AL, Finley JD, Hofstadter MB. The Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale: how does it compare with a “gold standard”?. Anesth Analg. 1997;85:783–788
  19. Kain ZN, Mayes LC, O’Connor TZ, Cicchetti DV. Preoperative anxiety in children. Predictors and outcomes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150:1238–1245
  20. Kappesser J, Williams AC. Pain and negative emotions in the face: judgements by health care professionals. Pain. 2002;99:197–206
  21. Kindler CH, Harms C, Amsler F, Ihde-Scholl T, Scheidegger D. The visual analog scale allows effective measurement of preoperative anxiety and detection of patients’ anesthetic concerns. Anesth Analg. 2000;90:706–712
  22. Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33:159–174
  23. Lilley CM, Craig KD, Grunau RE. The expression of pain in infants and toddlers: developmental changes in facial action. Pain. 1997;72:161–170
  24. McGrath PJ, Johnson G, Goodman JT, Schillinger J, Dunn J, Chapman J. CHEOPS: a behavioral scale for rating postoperative pain in children. In:  Fields HL editors. Advances in pain research and therapy. vol. 9:New York: Springer; 1985;p. 395–402
  25. Merkel SI, Voepel-Lewis T, Shayevitz JR, Malviya S. The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatr Nurs. 1997;23:293–297
  26. Prkachin KM. The consistency of facial expressions of pain: a comparison across modalities. Pain. 1992;51:297–306
  27. Shields BJ, Palermo TM, Powers JD, Grewe SD, Smith GA. Predictors of a child’s ability to use a visual analogue scale. Child Care Health Dev. 2003;29:281–290
  28. Simon D, Craig KD, Gosselin F, Belin P, Rainville P. Recognition and discrimination of prototypical dynamic expressions of pain and emotions. Pain. 2008;135:55–64
  29. Spielberger CD. Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory for children. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1973;
  30. Spielberger CD. In: Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory (Form Y). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1983;
  31. Stanford EA, Chambers CT, Craig KD. The role of developmental factors in predicting young children’s use of a self-report scale for pain. Pain. 2006;120:16–23
  32. Voepel-Lewis T, Merkel S, Tait AR, Trzcinka A, Malviya S. The reliability and validity of the face, legs, activity, cry, consolability observational tool as a measure of pain in children with cognitive impairment. Anesth Analg. 2002;95:1224–1229
  33. von Baeyer C, Hicks C. Support for a common metric for pediatric pain intensity scales. Pain Res Manage. 2000;5:157–160
  34. von Baeyer CL, Spagrud LJ. Systematic review of observational (behavioral) measures of pain for children and adolescents aged 3 to 18 years. Pain. 2007;127:140–150
  35. Zeskind PS, Sale J, Maio ML, Huntington L, Weiseman JR. Adult perceptions of pain and hunger cries: a synchrony of arousal. Child Dev. 1985;56:549–554

☆ Work should be attributed to the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and INSERM Unit ERI 25, Lapeyronie University Hospital, Avenue du Doyen G Giraud, Montpellier, France. This work was supported by the Clinical Research Department of the University Hospital of Montpellier, France.

PII: S0304-3959(09)00276-0

doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.05.012

PAIN
Volume 145, Issue 1 , Pages 60-68 , September 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution